There are several types of audience research...
Analytics
See Analytics Analysis.
Interviews
See Audience Interviews
Surveys
Surveys are another way we can gather information about the customer or end user(s). While not as detailed or insightful as conducting one-on-one interviews, surveys are quicker and easier to send out and compile. In most cases, using Google Forms is a quick and easy way to conduct surveys. For more complex survey needs, Survey Monkey provides additional tools.
User Feedback Testing
See User Testing.